Keep Hands wanting nice

Keep Hands wanting nice

Individuals UN agency have nice wanting hands square measure a lot of seemingly to possess hands that folks wish to carry. maybe your wedding is springing up. there's no telling the amount of individuals UN agency can wish to ascertain your ring and successively get to ascertain your hands. On the opposite hand, you will realize that your hands square measure the main focus of images. you may got to take steps to make sure that your hands look nice. even though it's not your wedding, you wish to require a trifle of your time to require care of your hands.

What concerning Them?

You may be curious, what parts of your hands do you have to e involved with? once it involves beauty tips, individuals typically don't have faith in their hands, however if you've got ever jolted the hand of somebody UN agency has unhealthy skin or otherwise poor hands, you seemingly have remembered it. Here square measure some tips to assist you to boost the standard of your skin on your hands specifically.

• Wash hands properly and infrequently. once it involves keeping your hands healthy, one among the primary steps is t keep them clean. Use a nail brush beneath your nails and on high of them. Use a top quality, however not harsh soap once laundry your hands.
• Limit the number of alcohol used on your hands. There square measure a good vary of product that, with one squirt, square measure ready to kill all the germs on your hands. several square measure alcohol based mostly and whereas an honest alternative, will dry out your hands. Use these limitedly.
• Do use lotions and moisturizer. The hands square measure ceaselessly exposed and wish a layer of moisturizer to shield the hands from the cruel parts it meets.
• Tackle skin issues. If you've got any style of skin condition, one among the most effective stuff you will do for yourself is to induce them taken care of by your skin doctor. Since the hands square measure thus exposed, this is often important.

When it involves your hands, do lookout of them. {this will|this may|this will} build a substantial distinction within the quality of your skin overall too and it can forestall you from diseases since nail beds square measure one among the worst places for bacterium and pathogens to lurk. Take time to think about your hands: they are doing matter in terms of what your 1st impression is with people you're simply meeting.

Workplace Safety & Health Topics

AGRICULTURAL SAFETY

Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries. Farmers are at very high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries. Farming is one of the few industries in which the families (who often share the work and live on the premises) are also at risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries.

• Approximately 1,823,000 full-time workers were employed in production agriculture in the U.S. in 2010. During this same year, 476 farmers and farm workers died from a work-related injury for a fatality rate of 26.1 deaths per 100,000 workers.
  
  
• An estimated 1.03 million children and adolescents under 20 years of age resided on farms in 2009, with about 519,000 of these youth performing work on the farms. In addition to the youth who live on farms, an additional 230,000 children and adolescents were hired to work on U.S. farms in 2009.
  
  
• On average, 113 youth less than 20 years of age die annually from farm-related injuries (1995 -2002), with most of these deaths occurring to youth 16-19 years of age (34%).
  
  
• Of the leading sources of fatal injuries to youth on U.S. farms, 23% percent involved machinery (includes tractors), 19% involved motor vehicles (includes ATVs), and 16% were due to drowning.
  
  
• In 2009, an estimated 16,100 children and adolescents were injured on farms; 3,400 of these injuries were due to farm work.
  
  
• Between 1992 and 2009, 9,479 farmers and farm workers died from work-related injuries in the US. The leading cause of death for these workers was tractor overturns, accounting for over 90 deaths annually.
  
  
• The most effective way to prevent tractor overturn deaths is the use of a Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS). In 2006, only 59% of tractors used on farms in the US were equipped with ROPS. If ROPS were placed on all tractors used on US farms manufactured since the mid-1960’s, the prevalence of ROPS-equipped tractors could be increased to over 80%.
  
  
• Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injury. Five percent of these injuries result in permanent impairment.

In FY 1990, Congress directed NIOSH to develop an extensive agricultural safety and health program to address the high risks of injuries and illnesses experienced by workers and families in agriculture. NIOSH funds research and prevention programs at university centers in 20 states. These programs conduct research on injuries associated with different farm operations, as well as pesticide exposure, pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal disorders, hearing loss, and stress.
A new set of national occupational safety and health goals for the agricultural production industry have been developed as part of the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) process, and are available for public review and comment. Further information on agriculture production safety and health is also available as part of the NORA Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishing Sector activities.

Spotlight

Comments on the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (AgFF) National Research Program Sponsored by the National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 

NIOSHTIC-2 Search

NIOSHTIC-2 search results on Agricultural Safety
NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable bibliographic database of occupational safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH.

Selected NIOSH Publications and Web sites on Agricultural Safety

A Story of Impact:  Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks
NIOSH Publication No. 2011-129 (March 2011)
This document concisely describes the impact of the NIOSH-supported effort to develop the North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT). The NAGCAT have contributed to reductions in childhood farm injuries by providing parents with guidance on farm work tasks that match a child’s physical, mental, and psychosocial abilities.
Evaluating Teen Farmworker Education:  An Evaluation of a High School ESL Health and Safety Curriculum
NIOSH Publication No. 2011-113
This document concisely describes the results and impact of a NIOSH-supported study that demonstrated that a school-based English as a Second Language (ESL) Curriculum was an effective mechanism for reaching hired teen farmworkers and teaching them about occupational safety and health.
Worker Safety on the Farm
NIOSH Publication No. 2010-137 (April 2010)
This pamphlet provides recent data on farm worker injuries and deaths and practical recommendations that can be used by farmers and workers to prevent injuries. 
Injuries to Youth on Farms and Safety Recommendations, U.S. 2006
NIOSH Publication No. 2009-117 (February 2009)
Understanding how to create a safe farm environment is important for farm operators and their families. Youth who live and work on farms are exposed to potentially dangerous farm-related hazards.
Injuries to Youth on Racial Minority Farm Operations, 2003
NIOSH Publication No. 2007-163 (August 2007)
Understanding how to create a safe farm environment is important for farm operators and their families. Youth who live and work on farms are exposed to potentially dangerous farm-related hazards more frequently than other youth.
Injuries to Youth on Hispanic Farm Operations, 2003
NIOSH Publication No. 2007-162 (August 2007)
Understanding how to create a safe farm environment is important for farm operators and their families. Youth who live and work on farms are exposed to potentially dangerous farm-related hazards more frequently than other youth.
Injuries to Youth on U.S. Farm Operations, 2004
NIOSH Publication No. 2007-161 (August 2007)
Understanding how to create a safe farm environment is important for farm operators and their families. Youth who live and work on farms are exposed to potentially dangerous farm-related hazards more frequently than other youth.
National Academies NIOSH Program Review: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
This report is the initial “evidence package” from NIOSH to the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program evaluation committee assembled by the NA. We stress “initial” because we believe that the AFF Program review will be best-served by substantial communications between the program and the committee throughout the process. It is understood that the evaluation committee and the NA are charged with executing a thorough review of the program and that to do so it will need much information from the program. We have tried to anticipate those needs with this package. In addition, we look forward to an ongoing dialogue with the committee.
National Agricultural Safety Database (NASD) Web site
The National Agriculture Safety Database (NASD) is a collection of information about health, safety and injury prevention in agriculture. The information in the database was contributed by safety professionals and organizations from across the nation in an effort to promote safety in agriculture.
Injury and Asthma Among Youth Less Than 20 Years of Age on Minority Farm Operations in the United States, 2000, Volume II: Hispanic National Data
NIOSH Publication No. 2006-109 (October 2005)
This document presents the national Minority Farm Operator Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey results for Hispanic farm operations.
Injury and Asthma Among Youth Less Than 20 Years of Age on Minority Farm Operations in the United States, 2000, Volume I: Racial Minority National Data
NIOSH Publication No. 2005-147 (July 2005)
This document presents the national Minority Farm Operator Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey results for racial minority farm operations.
Fatal Unintentional Farm Injuries Among Persons Less Than 20 Years of Age in the United States: Geographic Profiles
NIOSH Publication No. 2001-131 (July 2001)
Youth on farms may be exposed to a wide range of hazards, including machinery, electric current, firearms, bodies of water, grain storage facilities, and livestock. As a place of work and a place of residence, the farm presents unique challenges for injury prevention. This document presents data by state, Census region, and Census division for all youth fatalities on U.S. farms between 1982 and 1996. These data, drawn from the Vital Statistics Mortality files of the National Center for Health Statistics, indicate that nearly 2,200 youth were fatally injured on farms during this 15-year period, and that the leading causes of death varied considerably across geographic areas.
Injuries Among Youth on Farms in the United States, 1998
NIOSH Publication No. 2001-154 (June 2001)
More than two million youth less than 20 years of age are potentially exposed to agricultural hazards each year--as farm residents, farm family workers, hired workers, children of migrant or seasonal workers, or farm visitors. This document presents national and regional data for nonfatal youth injuries on U.S. farms for 1998. These data, drawn from a special survey of farm operators across the U.S., indicate that nearly 33,000 youth were injured on farms during 1998, and that major causes of injury included falls, animals, and vehicles such as ATVs.
Injuries Among Farm Workers in the United States, 1995
NIOSH Publication No. 2001-153 (May 2001)
The intent of this document is to present the third and final year of the Traumatic Injury Survey of Farming (TISF) results in an easily accessible statistical abstract format. This is the third in the series of TISF reports [Myers: 1997; Myers, 1998]. No attempt is made to interpret the results presented here because of the quantity of data presented, and because these data represent only one part of a more complex survey. It is hoped that the data will be used by public health and safety professionals, engineers, and other groups working in the area of farm safety to injury control research.
NIOSH Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention Initiative Web site
This Web site compiles all current NIOSH information on childhood agricultural injury and the federal initiative implemented to address this problem. Resources include recent publications, fatality investigation reports, and links to relevant external Web sites.
NIOSH Agricultural Safety and Health Topic Page
This list of NIOSH resources contains links to publications and Web sites on safety and health topics.
NIOSH Alert: Preventing Phosphine Poisoning and Explosions during Fumigation
NIOSH Publication No. 99-126 (September 1999)
Phosphide fumigants release toxic phosphine gas (PH3) when they contact moisture in the air. When phosphine is inhaled, it can react with moisture in the lungs to form phosphoric acid, which can cause blistering and edema. These effects can be serious or fatal. Exposure to phosphine has also been linked with other effects such as chest tightness, headache, dizziness, and nausea. Also, improper handling of aluminum and magnesium phosphide has caused injuries from flash fires and explosions. This Alert describes 205 cases of illness or injury in workers exposed to phosphine gas associated with phosphide fumigants. Recommendations are provided for workers and employers that cover areas such as: aeration and re-entry after fumigation, industrial hygiene monitoring, personal hygiene, protective clothing, and respirators.
En español
Recommendations to Improve Safety in Potato Harvesting and Packing in Southern Colorado
HHE-980172
NIOSH provided assistance on a study related to injuries in the potato production and packing industry. This work was conducted under an agricultural health hazard evaluation (HHE) requested by Colorado State University (CSU) which involves defining the extent and nature of injuries in the industry and advising farmers and packers about effective controls to reduce the risk of injury. NIOSH researchers, in collaboration with CSU, visited a number of harvesting and packing operations. During the walk-throughs, the team collected data and provided verbal suggestions concerning equipment modifications to reduce the risk of hand and back injuries. This is a summary report with specific recommendations for the industry.
Hazard ID #4: Ignition Hazard from Drilling into Sealed Frames of Agricultural Equipment
NIOSH Publication No. 98-146 (July 1998)
NIOSH received two separate reports of farm workers who were injured while attempting to drill holes into sealed plow frames in order to mount a hitch or a "slow-moving vehicle" sign. These workers received serious skin burns and other injuries when the drill bits penetrated the frames releasing and igniting flammable gases. Hydrogen and methane gas may be produced within sealed frames that are filled during manufacture with scrap metal ballast. Although the reported ignitions involved plows from the same manufacturer, the use of scrap metal fill may not be unique to plows or to that manufacturer. The potential for such ignitions exists in any equipment with similar ballast in sealed compartments during drilling, cutting, welding, or other operations that both release the gases and provide an ignition source. This Hazard ID provides recommendations for agricultural workers, equipment manufacturers, equipment dealers, agricultural extension agents, and universities in dealing with this hazard.
Safe Grain and Silage Handling
NIOSH Publication No. 95-109 (October 1995)
Grain-handling machinery is the second largest cause of farm machinery related deaths and also causes many severe disfiguring injuries and amputations. Many grain-handling hazards can be avoided. The goal of this booklet is to point out these hazards and suggest practical ways to prevent injury. These suggestions were gathered from agricultural engineers and safety experts throughout the world, but primarily from the United States and Canada.
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Scalping and Other Severe Injuries from Farm Machinery
NIOSH Publication No. 94-105 (June 1994)
This Alert describes five cases of persons who were scalped when their hair became entangled around the inadequately guarded rotating drivelines or shafts of farm machinery driven by power take-offs (PTOs). Such entanglements of hair, clothing, or body parts kill and injure many farm workers each year. The recommendations in this Alert are provided to help prevent these entanglement injuries and deaths.
En español
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Deaths of Farm Workers in Manure Pits
NIOSH Publication No. 90-103 (May 1990)
This Alert describes seven deaths from asphyxiation (suffocation) that occurred during two incidents involving entry into manure pits. The recommendations included in this Alert should be followed by all farm owners and operators who have manure pits on their property. Editors of appropriate trade journals, agriculture extension agents, farm owners and operators, and those in the agricultural trades are requested to bring the recommendations in this Alert to the attention of all workers who are at risk.
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Entrapment and Suffocation Caused by the Unstable Surfaces of Stored Grain and Other Materials
NIOSH Publication No. 88-102 (December 1987)
Entrapment and suffocation are hazards associated with storage bins and hoppers where loose materials such as grain, sand, or gravel are stored, handled, or transferred. The fatalities described in this Alert occurred when suspended materials or crusted surfaces of stored material suddenly broke loose and entrapped the workers. The behavior of such material is unpredictable, and entrapment and burial can occur in a matter of seconds. This Alert recounts seven case reports describing the deaths of 12 workers. In each case, the workers became entrapped in grain or other loose material and were unable to free themselves or be freed by their co-workers. These deaths demonstrate the need to focus on preventing future fatalities.
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Grain Auger Electrocutions
NIOSH Publication No. 86-119 (July 1986)
This Alert requests the assistance of farm owners/managers, farm/agricultural workers, and farm equipment manufacturers in the prevention of electrocutions which may occur while moving metal grain augers. The grain auger is an essential piece of farm equipment which is used to move grain from one location to another. However, every year accidents occur when this piece of equipment is improperly moved in the elevated position and it comes into contact with high voltage power lines. This has resulted in one or more fatalities per incident. This Alert describes two separate incidents that resulted in five fatalities, and occurred within the same week (150 miles apart), and provides recommendations aimed at preventing auger-related electrocutions.

NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Fatalities Due to Fires and Explosions in Oxygen-Limiting Silos
NIOSH Publication No. 86-118 (July 1986)
This Alert requests the assistance of fire department personnel, farm owners and workers, and silo manufacturers in the prevention of fatalities due to fires and explosions occurring in oxygen-limiting silos. Several recent incidents occurred while fighting oxygen-limiting silo fires which resulted in the death of fire fighters. Other fire fighters lost their lives as a result of similar explosions in the late 1960s. The problems associated with burning silos appeared to have abated during recent years, but these incidents demonstrate the need to renew efforts to minimize their recurrence. A concerted effort should be made to prevent silo fires from occurring and to provide training programs on controlling this type of fire.

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program Investigations

Since the inception of the FACE program in 1982, several fatal incidents involving agricultural activities have been investigated by NIOSH and over 200 fatal incidents involving agricultural activities have been investigated by State investigators. These links provide lists of those cases which in turn links to the full-text reports.

• In-house Fatality Investigation Reports
• State-based Fatality Investigation Reports
  

Other NIOSH Publications related to Agricultural Safety

NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses of Young Workers
NIOSH Publication No. 2003-128 (July 2003)
En español
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Injuries and Deaths from Skid Steer Loaders
NIOSH Publication No. 98-117 (February 1998)
En español
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Small Gasoline-Powered Engines and Tools
NIOSH Publication No. 96-118
En español

Other Links of Interest

Preventing Injuries from Slips, Trips and Falls
National Ag Safety Database: July 2004
Migrant and Seasonal Hired Adolescent Farmworkers: A Plan to Improve Working Conditions. Recommendations from the National Adolescent Farmworker Occupational Health and Safety Advisory Committee.  [PDF - 43.71 MB]
National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI.
The Explosion Hazard From Hydrogen Gas Generation Inside Sealed Frames
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Technology News 473: June 1998 / :1-2

Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)

African Trypanosomiasis, also known as "sleeping sickness," is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in rural Africa. Although the infection is not found in the United States, historically, it has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, about 10,000 new cases each year are reported to the World Health organization; however, it is believed that many cases go undiagnosed and unreported. Sleeping sickness is curable with medication, but is fatal if left untreated.

sumber: www.cdc.gov

Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs)

Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings

General information about Acinetobacter

Acinetobacter [asz−in−ée−toe–back−ter] is a group of bacteria commonly found in soil and water. While there are many types or “species” of Acinetobacter and all can cause human disease, Acinetobacter baumannii [asz−in−ée−toe–back−ter   boe-maa-nee-ie] accounts for about 80% of reported infections.
Outbreaks of Acinetobacter infections typically occur in intensive care units and healthcare settings housing very ill patients. Acinetobacter infections rarely occur outside of healthcare settings.

Symptoms of Acinetobacter infection

Acinetobacter causes a variety of diseases, ranging from pneumonia to serious blood or wound infections, and the symptoms vary depending on the disease. Acinetobacter may also “colonize” or live in a patient without causing infection or symptoms, especially in tracheostomy sites or open wounds.

Transmission of Acinetobacter infection

Acinetobacter poses very little risk to healthy people. However, people who have weakened immune systems, chronic lung disease, or diabetes may be more susceptible to infections with Acinetobacter. Hospitalized patients, especially very ill patients on a ventilator, those with a prolonged hospital stay, those who have open wounds, or any person with invasive devices like urinary catheters are also at greater risk for Acinetobacter infection. Acinetobacter can be spread to susceptible persons by person-to-person contact or contact with contaminated surfaces.

Prevention of Acinetobacter infection

Acinetobacter can live on the skin and may survive in the environment for several days. Careful attention to infection control procedures, such as hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, can reduce the risk of transmission.

Treatment of Acinetobacter infection

Acinetobacter is often resistant to many commonly prescribed antibiotics. Decisions on treatment of infections with Acinetobacter should be made on a case-by-case basis by a healthcare provider. Acinetobacter infection typically occurs in ill patients and can either cause or contribute to death in these patients.

Recommendations and Guidelines

For more information about prevention and treatment of HAIs, see the resources below:

• Rutala WA, Weber DJ, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008
• Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings, 2007
• Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms In Healthcare Settings, 2006
• Guideline for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, 2003  [PDF - 1.4 MB]
• CDC. Boyce JM, Pittet D. the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings, 2002
  Guideline, Fact sheet and special materials to promote Hand Hygiene in healthcare facilities 

sumber:www.cdc.gov

ABRASIVE BLASTING

Abrasive blasting may have several hazards associated with it at any given time. Abrasive blasting is more commonly known as sandblasting since silica sand has been a commonly used material as the abrasive, although not the only one always used. Abrasive blasting entails accelerating a grit of sand sized particles with compressed air to provide a stream of high velocity particles used to clean metal objects such as steel structures or provide a texture to poured concrete. This process typically produces a large amount of dust from the abrasive, anything on the substrate being abraded, and/or the substrate itself.
If the process is not completely isolated from the operator, abrasive blasting dusts are a very great health risk. Respirable dust from silica sand and other abrasive materials pose a risk to the lungs. Where abrasive blasting is used to remove lead-based paint on the steel infrastructure of bridges, it can generate particles of lead that pose a risk to the nervous system. In addition to potential health hazards, abrasive blasting can pose safety risks as well. Cleaning steel while working from scaffolding introduces a fall risk and from within industrial tanks a confined space risk. The abrasive stream itself can cause physical harm to the operator or anyone close by. There are NIOSH guidelines and OSHA regulations addressing many aspects of abrasive blasting including such things as proper airline length, and quality of breathing air provided to the abrasive blasting respirator. There is much to know about abrasive blasting and the associated hazards in order to consistently perform the task safely.

NIOSHTIC-2 Search

NIOSHTIC-2 search results on Abrasive Blasting
NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable bibliographic database of occupational safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH.

NIOSH Resources

The links to external web sites included below are provided for informational purposes only. Citation should not be taken as endorsement by NIOSH of the web site content nor of the sponsoring organization.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Small Gasoline Powered Engines

• Laborer Dies of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning During Sandblasting Operations in Virginia
  In-house FACE Investigative Report No. 1991-31
  

Criteria for Abrasive Blast Cleaning Operations

• Industrial Health and Safety Criteria for Abrasive Blast Cleaning Operations
  HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 75-122 (1975)
  

Engineering Control

• Abrasive Blasting Operations, Engineering Control and Work Practices Manual
  HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-179 (1976)
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Chemical Stripping [PDF - 328 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-17a, June 1999
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Abrasive Blasting using Staurite XL in Containment [PDF - 531 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-13a, July 1993
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Abrasive Blasting using Steel Grit with Recycling [PDF - 1,001 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-12a, June 1993
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Chemical Stripping using Caustic (Peel Away ST-1) [PDF - 518 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-15a, November 1994
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Abrasive Blasting Inside Two Ventilated Containment Systems [PDF - 202 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-14a, December 1994
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: Power Tool Cleaning [PDF - 303 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-16a, November 1995
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: [PDF - 423 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 183-22, May 1999
  
  
• Control Technology for Removing Lead-Based Paint from Steel Structures: [PDF - 534 KB]
  Survey Report No. ECTB 247-11, December 1999

Falls From Elevations

• Painter/Sandblaster Dies Following a 30-foot Fall from Scaffolding Inside a Water Tank-South Carolina
  In-house FACE Investigative Report No. 1993-15
  
  
• Preventing Worker Injuries and Deaths Caused by Falls From Suspension Scaffolds
  DHHS NIOSH Publication No. 92-108 (August 1992)
  

Lead Poisoning

• Preventing Lead Poisoning in Construction Workers
  DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-116a (April 1992)
  
  
• Protecting Workers Exposed to Lead-Based Paint Hazards, A Report to Congress
  DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-112 (January 1997)

Noise Induced Hearing Loss

• Choosing Hearing Protection
  

Respiratory (Lung) Disease

• Silicosis
  
  
  • Construction Workers: It's Not Just Dust!... Prevent Silicosis
    DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-101
    
    
  • Preventing Silicosis and Deaths in Construction Workers
    DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-112 (1996)
    en Espanol
    
    
  • Preventing Silicosis and Deaths From Sandblasting
    DHHS NIOSH Publication No. 92-102 (August 1992)
    en Espanol
    
    
  • Silicosis in Abrasive Blasting
    
    
  • Silicosis: Learn the Facts!
    DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-108
    en Espanol
    
    
• Tuberculosis(TB)
  

Respiratory Protection

• Abrasive Blasting Respiratory Protective Practices
  HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 74-104 (1974)
  
  
• Respiratory Protection Programs
  
  
  • NIOSH Respiratory Protection Certification Program: National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory

Substitutes for Silica Sand Use

• Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity of Blasting Sand and Five Substitute Abrasive Blasting Agents
  Porter DW, Hubbs AF, Robinson VA, Battelli LA, Greskevitch M, Barger M, Landsittel D, Jones W, Castranova V. 2002. COMPARATIVE PULMONARY TOXICITY OF BLASTING SAND AND FIVE SUBSTITUTE ABRASIVE BLASTING AGENTS. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 65(16):1121-1140.
  
• Chemical Composition of Coal and Other Mineral Slags
  Stettler LE, Donaldson HM, Grant GC. 1982. Chemical composition of coal and other mineral slags. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 43(4):235-238.
  
  
• Comparison of Occupational Exposures Among Painters Using Three Alternative Blasting Abrasives
  Meeker JD, Susi P, Pellegrino A. 2006. Case Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 3(9):80-84.
  
  
• Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity of 6 Abrasive Blasting Agents
  Hubbs AF, Minhas NS, Jones W, Greskevitch M, Battelli LA, Porter DW, Goldsmith WT, Frazer D, Landsittel DP, Ma JYC, Barger M, Hill K, Schwegler-Berry D, Robinson VA, and Castranova V.
  Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity of 6 Abrasive Blasting Agents. Toxicol. Sci. 2001 61: 135-143.
  
  
• Abrasive Blasting Agents: Designing Studies to Evaluate Relative Risk
  Hubbs A, Greskevitch M, Kuempel E, Suarez F, Toraason M. 2005. Abrasive Blasting Agents: Designing Studies to Evaluate Relative Risk. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68(11):999-1016.
  
  
• Substitute Materials for Silica Sand, Evaluation of Substitute Materials for Silica Sand in Abrasive Blasting
  This document contains the results from a contract that directed KTA-Tator, Inc. to conduct a three-phase study for the purpose of investigating relative levels of 30 different health-related agents and other attributes of surface preparation of the alternative abrasives to silica sand.
  

U.S. Governmental Resources

The links to external web sites included below are provided for informational purposes only. Citation should not be taken as endorsement by NIOSH of the web site content nor of the sponsoring organization.
Abrasive Blaster Dies of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Bureau of Labor Statistics – Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities (IIF) program
Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety & Health
Inadvertent Connection of Air-line Respirators to Inert Gas Supplies: OSHA Safety and Information Bulletin "Deaths Involving the Inadvertent Connection of Air-line Respirators to Inert Gas Supplies"
OSHA Abrasive Blasting in Shipyard Employment
OSHA Respiratory Protection
OSHA Safety and Health Topic, Lead
OSHA Technical Link on Confined Spaces
OSHA Technical Link on Falls
OSHA Training Materials for Silicosis
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: “Safety and Health on Bridge Repair, Renovation, and Demolition Projects”

Non-U.S. Governmental Resources

The links to external web sites included below are provided for informational purposes only. Citation should not be taken as endorsement by NIOSH of the web site content nor of the sponsoring organization.
A Review of Engineering Control Technology for Exposures Generated During Abrasive Blasting Operations
Flynn MR, Susi P. 2004. A Review of Engineering Control Technology for Exposures Generated During Abrasive Blasting Operations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(10):680-687.
American National Standards Institute
The Center for Construction Research and Training (formerly the Center to Protect Workers’ Rights)
Control Technology for Crystalline Silica Exposures in Construction: Wet Abrasive Blasting
Mazzuckelli L, Golla V, Heitbrink W. 2004. Case Studies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1(3):26-32.
Ergonomics of Abrasive Blasting: A Comparison of High Pressure Water and Steel Shot
Rosenberg B, Yuan L, Fulmer S. Ergonomics of Abrasive Blasting: A comparison of high pressure water and steel shot, Applied ErgonomicsVolume 37, Issue 5, September 2006, Pages 659-667.
Health and Safety Executive - COSHH Essentials in Construction: Silica 
A series of informative guides that describe various processes and tasks which may generate respirable crystalline silica. These guides examine work tasks in 8 different industries, and describe areas to reduce exposure to workers. The HSE-UK developed the guides, which were then translated into Spanish by NIOSH.
en Espanol
Laborer’s Health and Safety Fund of North America
Michigan State University - Abrasive Blasting, Preventing Silicosis
Mount Sinai-Irving J. Selikoff Center for Occupational & Environmental Medicine – Guides for Managing Lead and Silica Control Programs in Construction
The National Safety Council
Stop Silicosis in Sandblasters Use Silica Substitutes
New Jersey Occupational Health and Surveillance Program
WorkSafe Health & Safety Centre for Construction

ACRYLAMIDE

NIOSH Resources

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Exposure limits, Respirator Recommendations, First Aid, more...
The Pocket Guide is a source of general industrial hygiene information on several hundred chemicals/classes found in the work environment. Key data provided for each chemical/substance includes name (including synonyms/trade names), structure/formula, CAS/RTECS Numbers, DOT ID, conversion factors, exposure limits, IDLH, chemical and physical properties, measurement methods, personal protection, respirator recommendations, symptoms, and first aid.

• Acrylamide CAS No. 79-06-1

International Chemical Safety Cards
An ICSC summarizes essential health and safety information on chemicals for their use at the "shop floor" level by workers and employers in factories, agriculture, construction and other work places.

• Acrylamide

Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
The IDLH documents the criteria and information sources that have been used by NIOSH to determine immediately dangerous to life or health concentrations.

• Acrylamide

NIOH and NIOSH Basis for an Occupational Health Standard: Acrylamide: A Review of the Literature
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-115 (1991)
This document was prepared by NIOSH and Criteria Group of Occupational Standard Setting, Research Dept., National Insitute of Occupational Health (NIOH) to provide the scientific basic for establishing recommended exposure levels to acrylamide.
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Acrylamide
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-112 (October 1976)
Presents a standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to Acrylamide over a working lifetime.
Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Acrylamide  [PDF - 410.7 KB]